Jean Clottes Margret W. Conkey Francesco d'Errico Henry de Lumley-Woodyear Merlin W. Donald Christopher Stuart Henshilwood David Lewis-Williams Paul Anthony Mellars Steven J. Mithen Jane M. Renfrew Paul S. C. Taçon J. Wentzel van Huyssteen Keith Ward ABOVE ANIMATION#1: The Alpine ibex shown fighting on the wall of a part of Lascaux known as the Axial Gallery are drawn in black (animal on left) and dots of yellow (animal on right). Between them is a rectangular symbol. Above them and to the left of the black ibex are horses, the most numerous of all the animals depicted in Lascaux. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho ABOVE ANIMATION#2:The largest African antelope, the eland, is depicted in many representational paintings in southern Africa. The animals, like these from Natal Drakensberg above, play an important role in the beliefs of San Bushmen. Courtesy of Jean Clottes ABOVE ANIMATION#3:In Lascaux’s Axial Gallery, small horses, similar to Prjwalski’s horses that could still be found in the nineteenth century in the steppes of Mongolia, gallop across the ceiling. The segment pictured above is part of a grand composition. Courtesy of Serge deSazo/Rapho	Christopher Stuart Henshilwood is a professor of archaeology at the University of Bergen in Norway and director of the African Heritage Research Institute in Cape Town, South Africa. He directs the Blombos Cave Project, a major archaeological research initiative at the southern tip of Africa that is contributing significantly to the international debate on the origins of ‘modern’ human behavior. Dr. Henshilwood led the expedition team at Blombos that discovered forty-one perforated shell beads dating back 75,000 years; he previously found two pieces of engraved ochre decorated with geometric patterns that date from the same period. In his view, these finds signify an early development of complex, syntactical language. He has directed excavations at a number of other Stone Age sites in South Africa, and in conjunction with the University of Bergen and SUNY (the State University of New York), Stony Brook, where he is an associate professor of anthropology, Dr. Henshilwood organizes and directs bi-annual three-month field programs at De Hoop Nature Reserve in the southern Cape for archaeology students from around the world. A graduate of the University of Cape Town, he earned a B.A. with distinction in archaeology and a B.A. Honors degree with distinction. He took his Ph.D. in southern African archaeology at Cambridge University in 1995. He held several post-doctoral research fellowships at Cape Town before assuming his current positions. Dr. Henshilwood is a director of the Southern Cape Archaeology Trust, as well as a research member of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) program, “Origine de l’homme, du langage et des langues,” which is based in Bordeaux. As a result of his contributions to the program, he was recently awarded the Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Palmes Académiques. In addition to articles in scientific journals, he has lectured widely on his Blombos findings in Europe, America, Asia, and southern Africa, been involved in numerous television and radio programs, given many public lectures, and written extensively for general audiences.